![]() Indeed, understanding is not a singular type of knowledge (see also, Hannon, 2021). No single test is sufficient for demonstrating that one agent understands another. It depends on learning, interpreting, generalizing, and acting upon information. In this paper, we argue that understanding is a process, not an outcome. Instead of treating understanding as an outcome, it may be more fruitful to consider the question: how does understanding support intelligent behaviors? Accordingly, the evidence and critical tests should accommodate multiple degrees and adapt over time. But this suggests a single system may exhibit multiple levels of understanding, and these will change over time. There remains wide disagreement about these basics and even about more fundamental questions, such as whether understanding is a form of knowledge (and thus also subject to questions about the nature of knowledge). Hannon ( 2021) identified a plausible set of criteria for characterizing understanding: understanding is a cognitive achievement, not gained simply by receiving information understanding comes in degrees understanding manifests itself through abilities or know-how, especially being able to “grasp” connections. One component of this is clearly articulating what researchers should accept as evidence for understanding, including what constitutes the central tests of a system's ability to understand its input. A critical step toward establishing a unifying theoretical framework for understanding in both humans and machines is to establish common measures and metrics that elucidate the degree of understanding achieved within candidate frameworks or intelligent systems in a consistent way. This is because, as this special issue motivates, we know little conclusively about the mechanisms, representations, learning and reasoning that comprise and demonstrate understanding an ongoing challenge for researchers is to differentiate the unique character of understanding from other cognitive behaviors. Yet, criteria for understanding are elusive. Few would argue with the claim that intelligent behavior in humans and machines depends on understanding.
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